23 · Parable of Jesus
The Lost Son
Luke 15:11–32

A younger son leaves his father and returns after losing everything.
Which of the two sons is really “lost”?
Discuss: Can someone stay close to the father yet fail to understand him?
After your discussion: compare with our assessment
Our assessment
A takes the whole parable seriously rather than stopping with the younger son's return. The younger is explicitly “lost” and found, but in the final scene the older son is outside the celebration, angry and unwilling to enter. The father must go out and appeal to him as well. C captures the striking symmetry of the story. The father does not remain passive toward either son. He runs to meet the younger and goes out to appeal to the older.
23 · Luke 15:11–32
Go deeper
Text & context
Full translation
Translated from the Greek text – SBLGNT
What is happening here?
Notice this
The father goes out to both sons. To the younger: He sees him far away. He is moved with compassion. He runs. To the older: He goes out. He appeals to him. Also listen to the language of relationship. The older son says: “this son of yours” The father answers: “this brother of yours” The parable then ends without telling us whether the older son enters the celebration. Narratively, the door remains open.
Language & translation
From the Greek
τὸν ἐπιβάλλον μέρος τῆς οὐσίας – ton epiballon meros tēs ousias
the share of the property that falls to me The younger son asks for his portion of the family property.
διεῖλεν αὐτοῖς τὸν βίον – dieilen autois ton bion
he divided his possessions/livelihood between them Bios can refer to life or to one's means of living and possessions. The father's division therefore involves what sustains the household.
εἰς ἑαυτὸν δὲ ἐλθών – eis heauton de elthōn
when he came to himself An expressive description of the turning point when the son recognizes his situation and decides to return.
ἐσπλαγχνίσθη – esplagchnisthē
was moved with compassion The same strong verb splagchnizomai used of the Samaritan in Luke 10:33.
δραμὼν – dramōn
having run / he ran The father's compassion immediately moves him toward his son.
κατεφίλησεν αὐτόν – katephilēsen auton
kissed him tenderly/earnestly The verb can convey repeated or intense kissing and strengthens the warmth of the welcome.
ἀπολωλὼς ... εὑρέθη – apolōlōs ... heurethē
lost ... was found These words connect the story directly with the preceding parables of the lost sheep and lost coin.
ὠργίσθη – ōrgisthē
became angry The older son's reaction to the celebration is explicitly anger.
οὐκ ἤθελεν εἰσελθεῖν – ouk ēthelen eiselthein
he did not want to go in The final problem is no longer the younger son being far away, but the older son remaining outside the celebration.
ἐξελθὼν ... παρεκάλει αὐτόν – exelthōn ... parekalei auton
he came out ... and appealed to him The father goes out to the older son just as he previously moved toward the younger.
ὁ υἱός σου οὗτος / ὁ ἀδελφός σου οὗτος
this son of yours / this brother of yours The older son distances himself from his brother. The father restores the relationship in his wording by calling him “your brother.”
Translation note
Independent English translation from the Greek text, using SBLGNT as the primary Greek edition.
Compare for yourself
Read all of Luke 15:1–32 and notice the movement: lost → found → joy in all three stories. Pay particular attention to:
- bios
- eis heauton elthōn
- splagchnizomai
- trechō / dramōn
- kataphileō
- apollymi
- heuriskō
- orgizomai
- exerchomai
- parakaleō
- “your son” / “your brother”
Also compare Card 18 – The Good Samaritan. In both parables splagchnizomai, deep compassion, leads to concrete action.
Continue the conversation
Discuss further
- What actually brings the younger son home – repentance, hunger, hope in his father, or a mixture?
- What does the father's response say before the son has done anything to repay him?
- In what ways is the older son close to his father, and in what ways does he still seem far away?
- Why do you think Jesus leaves the older son's final choice unanswered?
- How does the parable change when read as an answer to people criticizing Jesus for eating with sinners?
Parallel passages
- Luke 15:1–10
- Luke 5:29–32
- Luke 19:1–10
Sources
- The Greek New Testament: SBL Edition (SBLGNT), Michael W. Holmes, ed.
- Luke 15:1–32
- Standard Greek lexical resources for bios, splagchnizomai, kataphileō, apollymi, heuriskō, orgizomai, exerchomai, and parakaleō