39 · Words and actions of Jesus

Jesus Washes the Disciples' Feet

John 13:1–17

Jesus kneels and washes an adult disciple's feet over a basin during a meal while the other disciples watch.

Jesus takes a servant's place. Peter must let himself be served.

Why does Jesus wash the disciples' feet?

Choose a perspective

There is no score – choose the perspective you find closest and discuss why.

Discuss: Which is harder: serving or receiving service?

After your discussion: compare with our assessment

Our assessment

A takes Jesus' own explanation seriously. He does not deny his position as Lord and Teacher but uses it to redefine how authority and status are expressed among his followers. C captures the two directions of the story. Peter must first accept Jesus serving and washing him. The disciples are then told to do for one another as Jesus has done for them.

39 · John 13:1–17

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Text & context

Full translation

1 Before the Passover festival, Jesus knew that his hour had come to leave this world and go to the Father. Having loved his own who were in the world, he loved them to the end. 2 During the meal, when the devil had already put it into the heart of Judas, son of Simon Iscariot, to betray him, 3 and Jesus knew that the Father had given all things into his hands and that he had come from God and was going to God, 4 he got up from the meal, laid aside his outer garments, took a towel, and tied it around himself. 5 Then he poured water into a basin and began to wash the disciples' feet and to wipe them with the towel that was wrapped around him. 6 He came to Simon Peter, who said to him, “Lord, are you going to wash my feet?” 7 Jesus answered him, “What I am doing you do not understand now, but afterward you will understand.” 8 Peter said to him, “You will never wash my feet!” Jesus answered, “If I do not wash you, you have no share with me.” 9 Simon Peter said to him, “Lord, not my feet only, but also my hands and my head!” 10 Jesus said to him, “The one who has bathed does not need to wash except the feet, but is completely clean. And you are clean, but not all of you.” 11 For he knew who would betray him. This is why he said, “Not all of you are clean.” 12 When he had washed their feet, put on his outer garments, and reclined at the table again, he said to them, “Do you understand what I have done to you? 13 You call me Teacher and Lord, and you are right, for that is what I am. 14 If I, then, the Lord and the Teacher, have washed your feet, you also ought to wash one another's feet. 15 For I have given you an example, so that you also should do as I have done to you. 16 Truly, truly I tell you, a servant is not greater than his master, nor is a messenger greater than the one who sent him. 17 If you know these things, blessed are you if you do them.

Translated from the Greek text – SBLGNT

What is happening here?
John places the foot washing immediately before Jesus' death and introduces it by saying that Jesus loved his own “to the end.” Jesus knows who he is, where he came from, and where he is going. It is in that context that he rises from the meal and takes the serving role. He lays aside his outer garments, takes a towel, pours water into a basin, and begins washing the disciples' feet. Peter strongly protests. He does not want Jesus to perform this act for him. Jesus replies that unless he washes Peter, Peter has no share with him. After the foot washing, Jesus returns to his place and explains the action. The disciples are right to call him “Teacher and Lord.” Precisely because that is who he is, his action becomes a pattern: if the Lord and Teacher has washed their feet, they also ought to wash one another's feet.
Notice this

Peter wants to follow Jesus, but here he must first: allow Jesus to serve him. Only afterward does Jesus say: “As I have done to you, you also should do.” The movement is: receive → imitate → pass it on. Also notice Jesus' titles. He does not say: “You are wrong to call me Lord.” He says: “You are right, for that is what I am.” The foot washing therefore does not show Jesus' authority disappearing. It shows what his authority looks like when expressed through serving love.

Language & translation

From the Greek

εἰς τέλος ἠγάπησεν αὐτούς – eis telos ēgapēsen autous

he loved them to the end / to the uttermost Eis telos can express temporal completion, “to the end,” as well as fullness, “completely/to the uttermost.” The phrase frames the foot washing and passion narrative in love.

νίπτειν τοὺς πόδας – niptein tous podas

to wash the feet Niptō is used for washing a part of the body, here the disciples' feet.

οὐ μὴ νίψῃς μου τοὺς πόδας εἰς τὸν αἰῶνα – ou mē nipsēs mou tous podas eis ton aiōna

you will never wash my feet Peter uses an emphatic negative construction. His resistance is categorical.

οὐκ ἔχεις μέρος μετ᾽ ἐμοῦ – ouk echeis meros met' emou

you have no share with me Meros means part or share. Jesus makes receiving his action decisive for Peter's participation with him.

ὁ κύριος καὶ ὁ διδάσκαλος – ho kyrios kai ho didaskalos

the Lord and the Teacher Jesus confirms these titles. His service therefore occurs not because he denies his authority but in the midst of it.

ὑπόδειγμα – hypodeigma

example / pattern Jesus explicitly says he has given the disciples a hypodeigma.

καθὼς ἐγὼ ἐποίησα ὑμῖν – kathōs egō epoiēsa hymin

as I have done to you The disciples' actions are to be shaped by what they have first seen and received from Jesus.

Translation note

Independent English translation from the Greek text, using SBLGNT as the primary Greek edition.

Compare for yourself

Read John 13:1–17 together with the rest of John 13. Pay particular attention to:

  • eis telos
  • niptō
  • meros
  • kyrios
  • didaskalos
  • hypodeigma
  • Judas' presence in the narrative
  • Jesus' new commandment of love in John 13:34–35

Also compare Luke 22:24–27, where the disciples dispute about who is greatest and Jesus describes himself as one who serves.

Continue the conversation

Discuss further
  1. Why do you think Peter finds it so difficult to allow Jesus to wash his feet?
  2. What does the foot washing suggest about how authority should be used?
  3. Must Jesus' command be understood as literal foot washing, a broader pattern of service – or both?
  4. How is the scene affected by the fact that Jesus already knows Judas will betray him?
Parallel passages
  • Luke 22:24–27
  • John 13:34–35
  • Philippians 2:5–8
Sources
  • The Greek New Testament: SBL Edition (SBLGNT), Michael W. Holmes, ed.
  • John 13:1–17
  • Standard Greek lexical resources for agapaō, telos, niptō, meros, kyrios, didaskalos, and hypodeigma